China's Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM), established in 2003, is a cabinet-level executive agency under the State Council responsible for formulating and implementing policies governing domestic and foreign trade, investment, and international economic cooperation[1][3][5]. It originated from a merger of the former Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation and parts of the State Planning and Economic Trade Commissions, ending over five decades of separation between domestic and foreign trade governance[3][7]. MOFCOM’s core functions include policy formulation for trade and consumer protection, regulation of market competition, negotiation of bilateral and multilateral trade agreements, and promotion of foreign direct investment (FDI)[1][5]. It oversees import and export controls, including licensing and sanctions, and works to streamline customs processes to facilitate smooth trade operations[1][4][6]. Additionally, MOFCOM manages China’s trade relations with the World Trade Organization (WTO) and other countries, playing a crucial role in international trade diplomacy[3]. The ministry also regulates sector-specific trade activities such as technology transfers, export controls on dual-use goods, and supports Chinese enterprises expanding overseas[2][6]. It supervises commercial offices abroad, manages foreign business representations in China, and coordinates foreign government loans and investments[2]. MOFCOM's regulatory role extends to maintaining fair competition practices, preventing monopolies, and ensuring consumer rights protection within China’s vast market[1][5]. Under the leadership of Minister Wang Wentao, MOFCOM continues to adapt to China’s evolving economic landscape by emphasizing trade facilitation, industrial security, and technological innovation in trade policies[3][4][6]. Its influence is notable in strategic sectors like food safety, where MOFCOM ensures compliance with rigorous quality standards impacting both domestic supply chains and international exports[1]. As China deepens its integration into the global economy, MOFCOM remains a central institution shaping the country’s trade environment and global commercial engagement[5][8].